In both captive bolt and electrically stunned animals kicking will occur. Ignore the kicking and look at the head. To put it simply, THE HEAD MUST BE DEAD. When cattle are shot with a captive bolt, it is normal to have a spasm for 5 to 15 seconds. After the animal is rolled out of the box or hung up its eyes should relax and be wide open.

Below are the signs of a properly stunned animal:

1. The legs may kick, but the head and neck must be loose and floppy like a rag. A normal spasm may cause some neck flexing, but the neck should relax and the head should flop within about 20 seconds. Check eye reflexes if flexing continues. Animals stunned with gas stunning equipment should be limp and floppy though they may exhibit slow limb movement.

2. The tongue should hang out and be straight and limp. A stiff curled tongue is a sign of possible return to sensibility. If the tongue goes in and out, this may be a sign of partial sensibility.

3. When the animal is hung on the rail, its head should hang straight down and the back must be straight. It must NOT have an arched back righting reflex. When a partially sensible animal is hung on the rail it will attempt to lift up its head. It will be stiff. Momentary flopping of the head is not a righting reflex.

4. When captive bolt is used the eyes should be wide open with a blank stare. There must be no eye movements. Immediately after electrical stunning the animal will clamp its eyes shut, but they should relax into a blank stare.

5. When captive bolt is used the animal must NEVER blink or have an eye reflex in response to touch. In electrically stunned pigs eye movements can be misinterpreted when untrained people indiscriminantly poke at the eyes. It is often best to observe without touching the eye. If a pig blinks with a natural blink where the eye closes and then re-opens it is not properly stunned. If you are not sure what a natural blink looks like, go and look at live pigs in the yards (lairage) before assessing insensibility.

6. Rhythmic breathing must be absent. Gasping is a sign of a dying brain and is OK. A twitching nose (like a rabbit) may be a sign of partial sensibility.

7. In captive bolt stunned animals, insensibility may be questionable if the eyes are rolled back or they are vibrating (nystagmus). Nystagmus is permissible in electrically stunned animals, especially those stunned with frequencies higher than 50 or 60 cycles.

8. Shortly after being hung on the rail, the tail should relax and hang down.

9. No response to a nose pinch. Animals entering a scauld tub must not make a movement that is in direct response to contact with the hot water. For all types of stunning this is an indicator of possible return to sensibility.

10. No vocalization (moo, bellow or squeal)

11. No blink response when a light is shined in the eye. The light should be held 6 inches (15 cm) away.

The above methods can be used for determining insensibility for all types of stunning and for ritual slaughter which is done without stunning. Just remember, kicking reflexes are normal in captive bolt stunned animals, electrically stunned animals and after ritual slaughter. They should be absent or very feeble for C0₂. Captive bolt stunning induces instant insensibility by both concussion and physical destruction of the brain. Stunner maintenance is essential to maintain maximum hitting power.

Electrical stunning, renders an animal instantly insensible by inducing a grand mal epileptic seizure. Scientific research has shown, that in order to induce the seizure the electric stunner must be set at a minimum of 1.25 amps for market weight pigs and l amp for sheep. Large sows will require 2 or more amps. If' lower amperages are used the stunner may induce cardiac arrest but the animal will feel the shock because the seizure was not induced. Electrical frequencies up to 800 hz (cycles) can be used. Frequencies over 800 hz should not be used. Research has shown that 1500 cycles failed to induce instant insensibility. Animals that are dehydrated may have high electrical resistance and be difficult to stun.

In some plants, cattle or sheep are immobilized after electric stunning with a small electric current to stop kicking. This immobilizer current completely masks signs of return to sensibility. To assess return to sensibility the immobilizer current MUST be turned off. Electric immobilization is highly distressful to animals and it must never be confused with electric stunning, which induces instantaneous insensibility by passing a high amperage current through the brain.

If an electrically stunned animal blinks within 5 seconds after stunning this is a sign that the amperage is too low. In electrically stunned animals, blinking should be checked within 5 seconds and after 60 seconds. In most plants blinking will not be found immediately after stunning, because the plant is using the correct amperage. After it has been verified that the amperage is set correctly, the most important point to observe for signs of return to sensibility is 60 seconds after electrical stunning. This provides time for the eyes to relax after the epileptic seizure. Checking for signs of return to sensibility after bleeding insures that the animal will not recover.

When stunned animals are viewed from a distance, the most important signs to look for in a properly stunned animal are:

1. A floppy head

2. Tongue hangs straight out and is limp

3. The back and head hang straight down. There is no arched back righting reflex.

Animals that show all three of the above signs will be insensible and blinking and other eye reflexes will be absent.

Order of the events which indicate Return to Sensibility:

1. Single feeble eye reflex in response to touch (probably still insensible and not conscious).

2. Return of rhythmic breathing. This is a primary indicator of poor stunning and it may occur before the corneal reflexes.

3. Spontaneous natural blinking without touching (recommended sign for determining return to sensibility for regulatory purposes). In large plants this is easier to assess than rhythmic breathing.

4. Response to a painful stimulus such as pricking the nose with a pin. The stimulus must be applied to the head to avoid confusion with spinal reflexes.

5. Righting reflex and raises it's head.

6. Fully conscious and sensible. Complete return to sensibility can occur within 15 to 20 seconds after eye reflexes appear if an electrically stunned animal is not bled.

The American Meat Institute guidelines require that ALL of the signs of return to sensibility MUST be absent to pass an audit. Even thought an animal is probably insensible if it shows a weak corneal reflex or tongue movement, it is starting the process of return to sensibility. Weak indicators of return to sensibility can be abolished by improved stunning practices. Slaughter plants are not research laboratories where conditions are carefully controlled. Therefore a much greater margin of safety is required to ensure that the animal remains insensible.

An animal showing any of the above signs must be immediately re-stunned before any slaughter procedures are started.

Update October 2008

There is also a possibility that some stunning failures in one of several thousand animals may be due to biological variability or abnormal nervous system development. In one strange case, 1 of 8000 electrically stunned pigs had a stiff arched back righting reflex 45 to 60 seconds after bleeding and there was no corneal reflex, no blinking in response to light, and no response to a nose prick. Most of these pigs were large, 275 lb (124 kg), and extremely heavy muscled. Another possibility is that their physiology was so overloaded by genetic selection or ractopamine (Paylean) that they went into rigor. The plant employees immediately re-stunned the pigs. The righting reflex was not due to poor bleeding because the effectiveness of bleeding was verified with dissection of the throat area. To insure that animals do not return to sensibility while hanging on the line, a plant employee MUST re-stun all animals that have a corneal reflex or any of the signs of return to sensibility listed in this paper. On a 100 animal audit, ALL animals must have no signs of return to sensibility.

References

Grandin, T., 2001. Solving return to sensibility problems after electric stunning in commercial pork slaughter plants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 221:1258-1261.

Knudsen, S.K., 2005. A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. Veterinary Journal. 169:42-59.

Rumpl, E., Gerstenbrand, F., Hackl, J.M., and Prugger, M., 1982. Some obervations on the blink reflex in post traumatic coma. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 54:406-417.

Preventing return to sensibility.

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